Active ingredients of smoking cessation interventions for (expectant) parents experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage: a mixed-methods systematic review

Linda van der Spek; Tessa Scheffers-van Schayck; Hans van Kippersluis; Linda Bauld; Anna L De Bree; Nienke W Boderie; Rukiye Turkeli; Jasper V Been

doi:10.1136/tc-2025-059882

Active ingredients of smoking cessation interventions for (expectant) parents experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage: a mixed-methods systematic review

Linda van der Spek^*
, Tessa Scheffers-van Schayck
, Hans van Kippersluis
, Linda Bauld
, Anna L De Bree
, Nienke W Boderie
, Rukiye Turkeli
, Jasper V Been

^*Corresponding author for this work

Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction
The University of Edinburgh Usher Institute
Leiden University Medical Centre

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To identify active ingredients of smoking cessation interventions for (expectant) parents experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage.

DATA SOURCES: Systematic search of 11 electronic databases from 1990 up to 6 May 2025. Reference lists and citation records of relevant reviews and included studies were also screened.

STUDY SELECTION: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods studies reporting on smoking cessation interventions and their effectiveness among (expectant) parents experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage were eligible.

DATA EXTRACTION: We extracted data on study characteristics, methodological quality (Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool), intervention content (behaviour change technique (BCT) taxonomy v1), delivery (Template for Intervention Description and Replication) and outcomes related to effectiveness, reach and retention.

DATA SYNTHESIS: Out of 1727 screened records, 62 interventions from 63 articles met inclusion criteria. Effective interventions applied a broader set of BCTs (M=8) than ineffective ones (M=5), particularly from BCT groups, 'goals and planning', 'shaping knowledge', 'reward and threat', 'feedback and monitoring' and 'social support'. Increased intensity and duration of the intervention were also associated with higher effectiveness. Qualitative data indicated that low burden, flexible and relational delivery (eg, empathetic and culturally sensitive) supported reach and retention. Implementation success was shaped not only by content but also by accessibility, contextual fit and proactive engagement strategies.

CONCLUSIONS: Effective interventions for (expectant) parents experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage combine a broad set of BCTs (particularly goals, planning, instruction, rewarding, monitoring, feedback and social support) with delivery that is accessible, personalised and relational. These strategies enhance recruitment, retention and effectiveness, providing concrete guidance for designing more equitable cessation support.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42023452795.

Original language	English
Journal	Tobacco Control
Early online date	7 May 2026
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1136/tc-2025-059882
Publication status	E-pub ahead of print - 7 May 2026

Bibliographical note

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being

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Cite this

van der Spek, L., Scheffers-van Schayck, T., van Kippersluis, H., Bauld, L., De Bree, A. L., Boderie, N. W., Turkeli, R., & Been, J. V. (2026). Active ingredients of smoking cessation interventions for (expectant) parents experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage: a mixed-methods systematic review. Tobacco Control. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc-2025-059882

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abstract = "OBJECTIVE: To identify active ingredients of smoking cessation interventions for (expectant) parents experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage.DATA SOURCES: Systematic search of 11 electronic databases from 1990 up to 6 May 2025. Reference lists and citation records of relevant reviews and included studies were also screened.STUDY SELECTION: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods studies reporting on smoking cessation interventions and their effectiveness among (expectant) parents experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage were eligible.DATA EXTRACTION: We extracted data on study characteristics, methodological quality (Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool), intervention content (behaviour change technique (BCT) taxonomy v1), delivery (Template for Intervention Description and Replication) and outcomes related to effectiveness, reach and retention.DATA SYNTHESIS: Out of 1727 screened records, 62 interventions from 63 articles met inclusion criteria. Effective interventions applied a broader set of BCTs (M=8) than ineffective ones (M=5), particularly from BCT groups, 'goals and planning', 'shaping knowledge', 'reward and threat', 'feedback and monitoring' and 'social support'. Increased intensity and duration of the intervention were also associated with higher effectiveness. Qualitative data indicated that low burden, flexible and relational delivery (eg, empathetic and culturally sensitive) supported reach and retention. Implementation success was shaped not only by content but also by accessibility, contextual fit and proactive engagement strategies.CONCLUSIONS: Effective interventions for (expectant) parents experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage combine a broad set of BCTs (particularly goals, planning, instruction, rewarding, monitoring, feedback and social support) with delivery that is accessible, personalised and relational. These strategies enhance recruitment, retention and effectiveness, providing concrete guidance for designing more equitable cessation support.PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42023452795.",

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T2 - a mixed-methods systematic review

AU - van der Spek, Linda

AU - Scheffers-van Schayck, Tessa

AU - van Kippersluis, Hans

AU - Bauld, Linda

AU - De Bree, Anna L

AU - Boderie, Nienke W

AU - Turkeli, Rukiye

AU - Been, Jasper V

PY - 2026/5/7

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N2 - OBJECTIVE: To identify active ingredients of smoking cessation interventions for (expectant) parents experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage.DATA SOURCES: Systematic search of 11 electronic databases from 1990 up to 6 May 2025. Reference lists and citation records of relevant reviews and included studies were also screened.STUDY SELECTION: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods studies reporting on smoking cessation interventions and their effectiveness among (expectant) parents experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage were eligible.DATA EXTRACTION: We extracted data on study characteristics, methodological quality (Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool), intervention content (behaviour change technique (BCT) taxonomy v1), delivery (Template for Intervention Description and Replication) and outcomes related to effectiveness, reach and retention.DATA SYNTHESIS: Out of 1727 screened records, 62 interventions from 63 articles met inclusion criteria. Effective interventions applied a broader set of BCTs (M=8) than ineffective ones (M=5), particularly from BCT groups, 'goals and planning', 'shaping knowledge', 'reward and threat', 'feedback and monitoring' and 'social support'. Increased intensity and duration of the intervention were also associated with higher effectiveness. Qualitative data indicated that low burden, flexible and relational delivery (eg, empathetic and culturally sensitive) supported reach and retention. Implementation success was shaped not only by content but also by accessibility, contextual fit and proactive engagement strategies.CONCLUSIONS: Effective interventions for (expectant) parents experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage combine a broad set of BCTs (particularly goals, planning, instruction, rewarding, monitoring, feedback and social support) with delivery that is accessible, personalised and relational. These strategies enhance recruitment, retention and effectiveness, providing concrete guidance for designing more equitable cessation support.PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42023452795.

AB - OBJECTIVE: To identify active ingredients of smoking cessation interventions for (expectant) parents experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage.DATA SOURCES: Systematic search of 11 electronic databases from 1990 up to 6 May 2025. Reference lists and citation records of relevant reviews and included studies were also screened.STUDY SELECTION: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods studies reporting on smoking cessation interventions and their effectiveness among (expectant) parents experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage were eligible.DATA EXTRACTION: We extracted data on study characteristics, methodological quality (Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool), intervention content (behaviour change technique (BCT) taxonomy v1), delivery (Template for Intervention Description and Replication) and outcomes related to effectiveness, reach and retention.DATA SYNTHESIS: Out of 1727 screened records, 62 interventions from 63 articles met inclusion criteria. Effective interventions applied a broader set of BCTs (M=8) than ineffective ones (M=5), particularly from BCT groups, 'goals and planning', 'shaping knowledge', 'reward and threat', 'feedback and monitoring' and 'social support'. Increased intensity and duration of the intervention were also associated with higher effectiveness. Qualitative data indicated that low burden, flexible and relational delivery (eg, empathetic and culturally sensitive) supported reach and retention. Implementation success was shaped not only by content but also by accessibility, contextual fit and proactive engagement strategies.CONCLUSIONS: Effective interventions for (expectant) parents experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage combine a broad set of BCTs (particularly goals, planning, instruction, rewarding, monitoring, feedback and social support) with delivery that is accessible, personalised and relational. These strategies enhance recruitment, retention and effectiveness, providing concrete guidance for designing more equitable cessation support.PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42023452795.

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U2 - 10.1136/tc-2025-059882

DO - 10.1136/tc-2025-059882

M3 - Article

C2 - 42097678

SN - 0964-4563

JO - Tobacco Control

JF - Tobacco Control

ER -

Active ingredients of smoking cessation interventions for (expectant) parents experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage: a mixed-methods systematic review

Abstract

Bibliographical note

UN SDGs

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