Adherence to cardiovascular therapy: a meta-analysis of prevalence and clinical consequences

The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which adherence to individual vascular medications, assessed by different methods, influences the absolute and relative risks (RRs) of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective epidemiological studies (cohort, nested casecontrol, or clinical trial) identified through electronic searches using MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases, involving adult populations (18 years old) and reporting risk estimates of cardiovascular medication adherence with any CVD (defined as any fatal or non-fatal coronary heart disease, stroke or sudden cardiac death) and/or all-cause mortality (defined as mortal Forty-four unique prospective studies comprising 1 978 919 non-overlapping participants, with 135 627 CVD events and 94 126 cases of all-cause mortality. Overall, 60 (95 CI: 5268) of included participants had good adherence (adherence 80) to cardiovascular medications. The RRs (95 CI) of development of CVD in those with good vs. poor (80) adherence were 0.85 (0.810.89) and 0.81 (0.760.86) for statins and antihypertensive medications, respectively. Corresponding RRs of all-cause mortality were 0. A substantial proportion of people do not adhere adequately to cardiovascular medications, and the prevalence of suboptimal adherence is similar across all individual CVD medications. Absolute and relative risk assessments demonstrate that a considerable proportion of all CVD events (9 in Europe) could be attributed to poor adherence to vascular medications alone, and that the level of optimal adherence confers a significant inverse association with subsequent adverse outcomes. Measures to enhan