Advancing wide implementation of precision oncology: A liquid nitrogen-free snap freezer preserves molecular profiles of biological samples

Purpose: In precision oncology, tumor molecular profiles guide selection of therapy. Standardized snap freezing of tissue biospecimens is necessary to ensure reproducible, high-quality samples that preserve tumor biology for adequate molecular profiling. Quenching in liquid nitrogen (LN₂) is the golden standard method, but LN₂ has several limitations. We developed a LN₂-independent snap freezer with adjustable cold sink temperature. To benchmark this device against the golden standard, we compared molecular profiles of biospecimens. Methods: Cancer cell lines and core needle normal tissue biopsies from five patients' liver resection specimens were used to compare mass spectrometry (MS)-based global phosphoproteomic and RNA sequencing profiles and RNA integrity obtained by both freezing methods. Results: Unsupervised cluster analysis of phosphoproteomic and transcriptomic profiles of snap freezer versus LN₂-frozen K562 samples and liver biopsies showed no separation based on freezing method (with Pearson's r 0.96 (range 0.92–0.98) and >0.99 for K562 profiles, respectively), while samples with +2 h bench-time formed a separate cluster. RNA integrity was also similar for both snap freezing methods. Molecular profiles of liver biopsies were clearly identified per individual patient regardless of the applied freezing method. Two to 25 s freezing time variations did not induce profiling differences in HCT116 samples. Conclusion: The novel snap freezer preserves high-quality biospecimen and allows identification of individual patients' molecular profiles, while overcoming important limitations of the use of LN₂. This snap freezer may provide a useful tool in clinical cancer research and practice, enabling a wider implementation of (multi-)omics analyses for precision oncology.