Agroindustry and contract farmers in upland West Java

This study examines the experience of contract farmers in the hilly southern region of West Java, using illustrations from two types of upland contracting schemes. The nucleus in one case (smallholder dairy farming) is a cooperative, and in the second (smallholder hybrid coconuts) a large nationalized plantation corporation. In both cases contract farming communities deviate markedly from the neo-populist vision of homogeneous, modernizing family farms; differentiation is quite marked, and wage labour common. In both cases the institutional framework surrounding contract farmers is in serious need of democratization; the problem is not one of formal structures in need of revision but of actual function and substance of relationships, which reflect the nature and exercise of power in rural society.