Clearance of influenza virus from the lung depends on migratory langerin(+)CD11b(-) but not plasmacytoid dendritic cells

Although dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in mediating protection against influenza virus, the precise role of lung DC subsets, such as CD11b(-) and CD11b(+) conventional DCs or plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), in different lung compartments is currently unknown. Early after intranasal infection, tracheal CD11b(-)CD11c(hi) DCs migrated to the mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs), acquiring co-stimulatory molecules in the process. This emigration from the lung was followed by an accumulation of CD11b(+)CD11c(hi) DCs in the trachea and lung interstitium. In the MLNs, the CD11b(+)DCs contained abundant viral nucleoprotein (NP), but these cells failed to present antigen to CD4 or CD8 T cells, whereas resident CD11b(-)CD8 alpha(+) DCs presented to CD8 cells, and migratory CD11b(-)CD8 alpha(-) DCs presented to CD4 and CD8 T cells. When lung CD11c(hi) DCs and macrophages or langerin(+)CD11b(-)CD11c(hi) DCs were depleted using either CD11c-diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) or langerin-DTR mice, the development of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells was severely delayed, which correlated with increased clinical severity and a delayed viral clearance. 120G8(+) CD11c(int) pDCs also accumulated in the lung and LNs carrying viral NP, but in their absence, there was no effect on viral clearance or clinical severity. Rather, in pDC-depleted mice, there was a reduction in antiviral antibody production after lung clearance of the virus. This suggests that multiple DCs are endowed with different tasks in mediating protection against influenza virus.