Criteria, Challenges, and Opportunities for Acellularized Allogeneic/Xenogeneic Bone Grafts in Bone Repairing

Majid Sharifi*, Rasoul Kheradmandi, Majid Salehi, Morteza Alizadeh, Timo L.M. Ten Hagen, Mojtaba Falahati

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articleAcademicpeer-review

37 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

As bone grafts become more commonly needed by patients and as donors become scarcer, acellularized bone grafts (ABGs) are becoming more popular for restorative purposes. While autogeneic grafts are reliable as a gold standard, allogeneic and xenogeneic ABGs have been shown to be of particular interest due to the limited availability of autogeneic resources and reduced patient well-being in long-term surgeries. Because of the complete similarity of their structures with native bone, excellent mechanical properties, high biocompatibility, and similarities of biological behaviors (osteoinductive and osteoconductive) with local bones, successful outcomes of allogeneic and xenogeneic ABGs in both in vitro and in vivo research have raised hopes of repairing patients' bone injuries in clinical applications. However, clinical trials have been delayed due to a lack of standardized protocols pertaining to acellularization, cell seeding, maintenance, and diversity of ABG evaluation criteria. This study sought to uncover these factors by exploring the bone structures, ossification properties of ABGs, sources, benefits, and challenges of acellularization approaches (physical, chemical, and enzymatic), cell loading, and type of cells used and effects of each of the above items on the regenerative technologies. To gain a perspective on the repair and commercialization of products before implementing new research activities, this study describes the differences between ABGs created by various techniques and methods applied to them. With a comprehensive understanding of ABG behavior, future research focused on treating bone defects could provide a better way to combine the treatment approaches needed to treat bone defects.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)3199-3219
Number of pages21
JournalACS Biomaterials Science and Engineering
Volume8
Issue number8
Early online date11 Jul 2022
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 8 Aug 2022

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 American Chemical Society.

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