Disynaptic Inhibitory Cerebellar Control Over Caudal Medial Accessory Olive

The olivocerebellar system, which is critical for sensorimotor performance and learning, functions through modules with feedback loops. The main feedback to the inferior olive comes from the cer-ebellar nuclei (CN), which are predominantly GABAergic and contralateral. However, for the subnu-cleus d of the caudomedial accessory olive (cdMAO), a crucial region for oculomotor and upper body movements, the source of GABAergic input has yet to be identified. Here, we demonstrate the ex-istence of a disynaptic inhibitory projection from the medial CN (MCN) to the cdMAO via the superior colliculus (SC) by exploiting retrograde, anterograde, and transsynaptic viral tracing at the light microscopic level as well as anterograde classical and viral tracing combined with immunocytochem-istry at the electron microscopic level. Retrograde tracing in Gad2-Cre mice reveals that the cdMAO receives GABAergic input from the contralateral SC. Anterograde transsynaptic tracing uncovered that the SC neurons receiving input from the contralateral MCN provide predominantly inhibitory projections to contralateral cdMAO, ipsilateral to the MCN. Following ultrastructural analysis of the monosynaptic projection about half of the SC terminals within the contralateral cdMAO are GABAergic. The disynaptic GABAergic projection from the MCN to the ipsilateral cdMAO mirrors that of the monosynaptic excitatory projection from the MCN to the contralateral cdMAO. Thus, while completing the map of inhibitory inputs to the olivary subnuclei, we established that the MCN inhibits the cdMAO via the contralateral SC, highlighting a potential push–pull mechanism in directional gaze control that appears unique in terms of laterality and polarity among olivocere-bellar modules.