Forensic genetics in the omics era

Recent advances in forensic genetics, driven by technological innovation coupled with the use of an expanding range of nucleic acid markers, have markedly improved the scope, accuracy and reliability of evidential information obtainable from human biological traces recovered at crime scenes. The majority of these biomarkers have been identified using non-targeted omics approaches, including genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics and microbiome profiling. Moreover, targeted massively parallel sequencing, in some cases non-targeted whole-genome sequencing, are being applied to the analyses of biological trace material. These approaches and methods are being used for the identification of perpetrators (including monozygotic twins), their relatives or victims of criminal activities; the prediction of phenotypic and behavioural traits of unknown individuals; and the determination of trace characteristics, including tissue type and time of deposition.