From denial to overtness

How do paramilitary groups emerge, mobilize and act? Which paramilitary groups have been established, deactivated and abolished from the Ottoman period to the present day? Which ones are still active? What sets the post-2015 period apart, a period which has led to some raising the question “Is there a return to the 90s?”? On the 5th anniversary of the Cizre Massacre, we listen to Ayhan Işık, who completed his PhD at Utrecht University on the emergence, transformation and functions of paramilitary groups in Turkey.