Identifying indicators to guide adaptive scaffolding in games

Tjitske J.E. Faber; Mary E.W. Dankbaar; Rob Kickert; Walter W. van den Broek; Jeroen J.G. van Merriënboer

doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2022.101666

Identifying indicators to guide adaptive scaffolding in games

Tjitske J.E. Faber^*, Mary E.W. Dankbaar, Rob Kickert, Walter W. van den Broek, Jeroen J.G. van Merriënboer

^*Corresponding author for this work

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Abstract

In game-based learning, adaptive scaffolding can enhance the learning of domain-specific skills, known as first-order scaffolding, and self-regulatory skills, known as second-order scaffolding. To design adaptive scaffolding, we need indicators that identify learning opportunities. Therefore we investigated how indicators of performance and self-regulation relate to overall game performance in a medical emergency simulation game. These indicators have the potential to guide the design of adaptive first-order and second-order scaffolding, respectively. Twenty-six fourth-year medical students played 116 game sessions. Using a multilevel model, we investigated the relationship between overall game performance and a range of online and offline measures. For first-order scaffolding, accuracy, systematicity and thoroughness were found to be valid indicators; for second-order scaffolding, high global self-regulatory scores and frequent monitoring were found to be valid indicators. These indicators can be included in future algorithms for adaptive scaffolding in game-based learning.

Original language	English
Article number	101666
Journal	Learning and Instruction
Volume	83
Early online date	23 Sep 2022
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2022.101666
Publication status	Published - Feb 2023

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This work was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) [project number 055.16.117 ]. The authors thank Jeroen Donkers, Ph.D., for his assistance with the statistical analysis and Tin de Zeeuw, P.D.Eng., for the development of software to process the raw game log data. We wish to acknowledge IJsfontein, game design company in Amsterdam, the Netherlands for enabling the collection of log data. We gratefully acknowledge the help of David Barick in proofreading the manuscript. We wish to thank our student assistants: Naïla Wouters and Albina Musaj for data collection and transcriptions, and Eris van Twist and Erik Vissers for transcriptions. Finally, we wish to extend our appreciation and gratitude to all the students who participated in this study.

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Authors

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Cite this

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title = "Identifying indicators to guide adaptive scaffolding in games",

abstract = "In game-based learning, adaptive scaffolding can enhance the learning of domain-specific skills, known as first-order scaffolding, and self-regulatory skills, known as second-order scaffolding. To design adaptive scaffolding, we need indicators that identify learning opportunities. Therefore we investigated how indicators of performance and self-regulation relate to overall game performance in a medical emergency simulation game. These indicators have the potential to guide the design of adaptive first-order and second-order scaffolding, respectively. Twenty-six fourth-year medical students played 116 game sessions. Using a multilevel model, we investigated the relationship between overall game performance and a range of online and offline measures. For first-order scaffolding, accuracy, systematicity and thoroughness were found to be valid indicators; for second-order scaffolding, high global self-regulatory scores and frequent monitoring were found to be valid indicators. These indicators can be included in future algorithms for adaptive scaffolding in game-based learning.",

author = "Faber, {Tjitske J.E.} and Dankbaar, {Mary E.W.} and Rob Kickert and {van den Broek}, {Walter W.} and {van Merri{\"e}nboer}, {Jeroen J.G.}",

note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) [project number 055.16.117 ]. The authors thank Jeroen Donkers, Ph.D., for his assistance with the statistical analysis and Tin de Zeeuw, P.D.Eng., for the development of software to process the raw game log data. We wish to acknowledge IJsfontein, game design company in Amsterdam, the Netherlands for enabling the collection of log data. We gratefully acknowledge the help of David Barick in proofreading the manuscript. We wish to thank our student assistants: Na{\"i}la Wouters and Albina Musaj for data collection and transcriptions, and Eris van Twist and Erik Vissers for transcriptions. Finally, we wish to extend our appreciation and gratitude to all the students who participated in this study. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 The Authors",

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N2 - In game-based learning, adaptive scaffolding can enhance the learning of domain-specific skills, known as first-order scaffolding, and self-regulatory skills, known as second-order scaffolding. To design adaptive scaffolding, we need indicators that identify learning opportunities. Therefore we investigated how indicators of performance and self-regulation relate to overall game performance in a medical emergency simulation game. These indicators have the potential to guide the design of adaptive first-order and second-order scaffolding, respectively. Twenty-six fourth-year medical students played 116 game sessions. Using a multilevel model, we investigated the relationship between overall game performance and a range of online and offline measures. For first-order scaffolding, accuracy, systematicity and thoroughness were found to be valid indicators; for second-order scaffolding, high global self-regulatory scores and frequent monitoring were found to be valid indicators. These indicators can be included in future algorithms for adaptive scaffolding in game-based learning.

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Identifying indicators to guide adaptive scaffolding in games

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