Indonesia youth population norms for EQ-5D-Y-3 L, EQ-5D-Y-5 L and the PedsQL generic core scale: lower health related quality of life relates to high economic status and stress

Titi Sahidah Fitriana*, Fredrick Dermawan Purba, Elly Stolk, Jan J.V. Busschbach

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticleAcademicpeer-review

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Abstract

Background: The availability of population norms from generic health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instruments can support the interpretation of health outcomes. This study aimed to provide Indonesian youth population norms for the generic HRQoL measures: EQ-5D-Y-3 L, EQ-5D-Y-5 L, and the PedsQL Generic Core Scales. In addition the opportunity arising from the generation of a large representative sample was taken to explore the relationships between HRQoL, health, and socio-economic factors. Methods: A representative sample of 1103 Indonesian children (aged 8–16 years) completed EQ-5D-Y-3 L, EQ-5D-Y-5 L, the PedsQL Generic Core Scales, and questions related to demographic data and self-reported health status. A stratified quota sampling design was used to represent Indonesian children in terms of residence, age, gender, and geographical area. Family expenses per capita per month were retrieved from parents to determine a child’s economic status. Results: The total sample was representative of the Indonesian youth general population. The proportions of participants who reported problems were 43.35% (EQ-5D-Y-3 L), 44.10% (EQ-5D-Y-5 L), and 94.93% (PedsQL Generic), with 31.7% of children reporting health complaints. Older children (13–16 years) reported more problems than younger children (8–12 years). Children living in urban areas reported more problems than children living in rural areas. The lowest value health state reported was ‘12332’ (valued at 0.54), and the minimum EQ VAS score was 60.00. Moderate correlations were found between EQ-5D-Y-3 L values to EQ VAS scores and to PedsQL Total Score. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that females, older age, and having health complaints contributed to a lower level of HRQoL as measured by EQ-5D-Y-3 L values, EQ VAS, and PedsQL Total Score. Remarkably, children with high economic status had lower EQ VAS and PedsQL Total Scores. Among symptoms, ‘having stress’ had the largest influence with respect to lower EQ-5D-Y-3L values, EQ VAS, and PedsQL Total Score. Conclusions: Population norms for children’s HRQoL as measured by EQ-5D-Y-3 L, EQ-5D-Y-5 L, and the PedsQL Generic Scales are now available for Indonesia. Age, gender, economic status, and health complaints were related to children’s HRQoL. These results provide a basis for health studies and health policy for the youth population of Indonesia.

Original languageEnglish
Article number1124
JournalBMC Public Health
Volume23
Issue number1
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 12 Jun 2023

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
Funding for this study was provided by the EuroQol Group and Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP). Both grants were unrestricted.

Funding Information:
TF received grants from the EuroQol Research Foundation that in part funded this research. FP, ES, and JB are either members of the EuroQol Group or are directly employed by the EuroQol Research Foundation. Opinions expressed in the paper are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the EuroQol Research Foundation.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2023, The Author(s).

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