Introduction: Breaking taboos, talking accountability

A systematic analysis of the accountability of experts requires few preliminary words on the concept of accountability. In the European and international law context, accountability has often been construed broadly, in light of the aims it serves and the setting within which it operates. Accountability thus can be seen as a continuous process that entails informing and explaining, inquiring and debating, and passing judgement both over past and future conduct. This vision, encompassing both prospective and retrospective dimensions, well aligns with the characterization of accountability advanced by the International Law Association, whereby transparency, participation, reason-giving and review mechanisms are listed as key elements of accountability. The chapter also provides an overview of the key concepts discussed in this book. While accountability has been studied in various domains, the book focuses on expertise situated in multilevel law and governance, with an emphasis on European and international law.