TY - JOUR
T1 - Mechanisms and Predictive Biomarkers of Allergen Immunotherapy in the Clinic
AU - Layhadi, Janice A.
AU - Lalioti, Anastasia
AU - Palmer, Elizabeth
AU - van Zelm, Menno C.
AU - Wambre, Erik
AU - Shamji, Mohamed H.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023
PY - 2024/1
Y1 - 2024/1
N2 - Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) remains to be the only disease-modifying treatment for IgE-mediated allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis. It can provide long-term clinical benefits when given for 3 years or longer. Mechanisms of immune tolerance induction by AIT are underscored by the modulation of several compartments within the immune system. These include repair of disruption in epithelial barrier integrity, modulation of the innate immune compartment that includes regulatory dendritic cells and innate lymphoid cells, and adaptive immune compartments such as induction of regulatory T and B cells. Altogether, these are also associated with the dampening of allergen-specific TH2 and T follicular helper cell responses and subsequent generation of blocking antibodies. Although AIT is effective in modifying the immune response, there is a lack of validated and clinically relevant biomarkers that can be used to monitor desensitization, efficacy, and the likelihood of response, all of which can contribute to accelerating personalized medication and increasing patient care. Candidate biomarkers comprise humoral, cellular, metabolic, and in vivo biomarkers; however, these are primarily studied in small trials and require further validation. In this review, we evaluate the current candidates of biomarkers of AIT and how we can implement changes in future studies to help us identify clinically relevant biomarkers of safety, compliance, and efficacy.
AB - Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) remains to be the only disease-modifying treatment for IgE-mediated allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis. It can provide long-term clinical benefits when given for 3 years or longer. Mechanisms of immune tolerance induction by AIT are underscored by the modulation of several compartments within the immune system. These include repair of disruption in epithelial barrier integrity, modulation of the innate immune compartment that includes regulatory dendritic cells and innate lymphoid cells, and adaptive immune compartments such as induction of regulatory T and B cells. Altogether, these are also associated with the dampening of allergen-specific TH2 and T follicular helper cell responses and subsequent generation of blocking antibodies. Although AIT is effective in modifying the immune response, there is a lack of validated and clinically relevant biomarkers that can be used to monitor desensitization, efficacy, and the likelihood of response, all of which can contribute to accelerating personalized medication and increasing patient care. Candidate biomarkers comprise humoral, cellular, metabolic, and in vivo biomarkers; however, these are primarily studied in small trials and require further validation. In this review, we evaluate the current candidates of biomarkers of AIT and how we can implement changes in future studies to help us identify clinically relevant biomarkers of safety, compliance, and efficacy.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85178643292&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.11.027
DO - 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.11.027
M3 - Article
C2 - 37996041
AN - SCOPUS:85178643292
SN - 2213-2198
VL - 12
SP - 59
EP - 66
JO - Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice
JF - Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice
IS - 1
ER -