TY - JOUR
T1 - Molecular surveillance of norovirus, 2005-16
T2 - an epidemiological analysis of data collected from the NoroNet network
AU - NoroNet
AU - van Beek, Janko
AU - de Graaf, Miranda
AU - Al-Hello, Haider
AU - Allen, David J
AU - Ambert-Balay, Katia
AU - Botteldoorn, Nadine
AU - Brytting, Mia
AU - Buesa, Javier
AU - Cabrerizo, Maria
AU - Chan, Martin
AU - Cloak, Fiona
AU - Di Bartolo, Ilaria
AU - Guix, Susana
AU - Hewitt, Joanne
AU - Iritani, Nobuhiro
AU - Jin, Miao
AU - Johne, Reimar
AU - Lederer, Ingeborg
AU - Mans, Janet
AU - Martella, Vito
AU - Maunula, Leena
AU - McAllister, Georgina
AU - Niendorf, Sandra
AU - Niesters, Hubert G
AU - Podkolzin, Alexander T
AU - Poljsak-Prijatelj, Mateja
AU - Rasmussen, Lasse Dam
AU - Reuter, Gábor
AU - Tuite, Gráinne
AU - Kroneman, Annelies
AU - Vennema, Harry
AU - Koopmans, Marion P G
N1 - Funding:
European Union’s Horizon 2020 grant COMPARE, ZonMw TOP grant, the Virgo Consortium funded by the
Dutch Government, and the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund.
Role of the funding source:
The funders of the study had no role in study design,
data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, writing
of the report, or in the decision to submit for publication.
The corresponding author had full access to all data in
the study and had full responsibility for decision to
submit for publication
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PY - 2018/5
Y1 - 2018/5
N2 - BACKGROUND: The development of a vaccine for norovirus requires a detailed understanding of global genetic diversity of noroviruses. We analysed their epidemiology and diversity using surveillance data from the NoroNet network.METHODS: We included genetic sequences of norovirus specimens obtained from outbreak investigations and sporadic gastroenteritis cases between 2005 and 2016 in Europe, Asia, Oceania, and Africa. We genotyped norovirus sequences and analysed sequences that overlapped at open reading frame (ORF) 1 and ORF2. Additionally, we assessed the sampling date and country of origin of the first reported sequence to assess when and where novel drift variants originated.FINDINGS: We analysed 16 635 norovirus sequences submitted between Jan 1, 2005, to Nov 17, 2016, of which 1372 (8·2%) sequences belonged to genotype GI, 15 256 (91·7%) to GII, and seven (<0·1%) to GIV.1. During this period, 26 different norovirus capsid genotypes circulated and 22 different recombinant genomes were found. GII.4 drift variants emerged with 2-3-year periodicity up to 2012, but not afterwards. Instead, the GII.4 Sydney capsid seems to persist through recombination, with a novel recombinant of GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney 2012 variant detected in 2014 in Germany (n=1) and the Netherlands (n=1), and again in 2016 in Japan (n=2), China (n=8), and the Netherlands (n=3). The novel GII.P17-GII.17, first reported in Asia in 2014, has circulated widely in Europe in 2015-16 (GII.P17 made up a highly variable proportion of all sequences in each country [median 11·3%, range 4·2-53·9], as did GII.17 [median 6·3%, range 0-44·5]). GII.4 viruses were more common in outbreaks in health-care settings (2239 [37·2%] of 6022 entries) compared with other genotypes (101 [12·5%] of 809 entries for GI and 263 [13·5%] of 1941 entries for GII non-GII.Pe-GII.4 or GII.P4-GII.4).INTERPRETATION: Continuous changes in the global norovirus genetic diversity highlight the need for sustained global norovirus surveillance, including assessment of possible immune escape and evolution by recombination, to provide a full overview of norovirus epidemiology for future vaccine policy decisions.FUNDING: European Union's Horizon 2020 grant COMPARE, ZonMw TOP grant, the Virgo Consortium funded by the Dutch Government, and the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund.
AB - BACKGROUND: The development of a vaccine for norovirus requires a detailed understanding of global genetic diversity of noroviruses. We analysed their epidemiology and diversity using surveillance data from the NoroNet network.METHODS: We included genetic sequences of norovirus specimens obtained from outbreak investigations and sporadic gastroenteritis cases between 2005 and 2016 in Europe, Asia, Oceania, and Africa. We genotyped norovirus sequences and analysed sequences that overlapped at open reading frame (ORF) 1 and ORF2. Additionally, we assessed the sampling date and country of origin of the first reported sequence to assess when and where novel drift variants originated.FINDINGS: We analysed 16 635 norovirus sequences submitted between Jan 1, 2005, to Nov 17, 2016, of which 1372 (8·2%) sequences belonged to genotype GI, 15 256 (91·7%) to GII, and seven (<0·1%) to GIV.1. During this period, 26 different norovirus capsid genotypes circulated and 22 different recombinant genomes were found. GII.4 drift variants emerged with 2-3-year periodicity up to 2012, but not afterwards. Instead, the GII.4 Sydney capsid seems to persist through recombination, with a novel recombinant of GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney 2012 variant detected in 2014 in Germany (n=1) and the Netherlands (n=1), and again in 2016 in Japan (n=2), China (n=8), and the Netherlands (n=3). The novel GII.P17-GII.17, first reported in Asia in 2014, has circulated widely in Europe in 2015-16 (GII.P17 made up a highly variable proportion of all sequences in each country [median 11·3%, range 4·2-53·9], as did GII.17 [median 6·3%, range 0-44·5]). GII.4 viruses were more common in outbreaks in health-care settings (2239 [37·2%] of 6022 entries) compared with other genotypes (101 [12·5%] of 809 entries for GI and 263 [13·5%] of 1941 entries for GII non-GII.Pe-GII.4 or GII.P4-GII.4).INTERPRETATION: Continuous changes in the global norovirus genetic diversity highlight the need for sustained global norovirus surveillance, including assessment of possible immune escape and evolution by recombination, to provide a full overview of norovirus epidemiology for future vaccine policy decisions.FUNDING: European Union's Horizon 2020 grant COMPARE, ZonMw TOP grant, the Virgo Consortium funded by the Dutch Government, and the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund.
U2 - 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30059-8
DO - 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30059-8
M3 - Article
C2 - 29396001
SN - 1473-3099
VL - 18
SP - 545
EP - 553
JO - Lancet Infectious Diseases
JF - Lancet Infectious Diseases
IS - 5
ER -
