Neural Interconnections of Extracranial Nerves in Headache Surgery: Anatomical Landmarks and Clinical Implications: A Review of the Literature

Headache disorders (HDs) remain a nationwide challenge for the US health care system, affecting nearly 60% of the US population. Surgical deactivation of the peripheral trigger site, also referred to as headache surgery, represents an effective treatment for patients with refractory HD pain or nonresponse to pharmacologic regimens. Research stemming from other surgical specialties has underlined the clinical relevance of neural interconnections in refining diagnostic algorithms, adapting surgical techniques, and improving overall patient outcomes. Different HD trigger points have been identified, but there is a paucity of studies discussing the mostly sensory neural interconnections between these trigger points in a comprehensive fashion. The authors provide an overview of the specific nerves involved in HD and synthesize the literature on HD nerve interconnections to deduce clinical implications. Overall, this line of research may help refine the perioperative workflow and enhance HD patient care.