Abstract
This thesis examines victims' experiences with penal protection orders (PPOs) in cases of (ex-)partner violence. Previous Dutch research indicates that PPOs are frequently violated, and slightly more than half of victims report not feeling safer after a PPO is issued. Additionally, both Dutch and international studies reveal that victims may encounter various challenges following the issuance of a PPO, limiting its effectiveness in enhancing their safety and well-being. Consequently, this thesis investigates how and when penal protection orders contribute to victims' safety and well-being. These insights could inform strategies to improve victim support following PPO issuance and, in turn, enhance PPOs’ effectiveness in ensuring victims' safety and well-being.
Since empowerment is considered a crucial mechanism for achieving these outcomes, this study approaches the issue from an empowerment perspective. The research incorporates a scoping review, a victim survey, and interviews with 20 victims protected by PPOs and 23 social workers who assist them.
The findings suggest that empowerment encompasses not only an increased ability to resist unwanted demands from an ex-partner and a greater sense of freedom to act but also an enhanced sense of connectedness with others. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of fostering survivors' sense of self-efficacy, improving their expectations of support regarding PPO monitoring and enforcement, and ensuring they receive adequate assistance from the police. Importantly, PPOs should be regarded as part of an integrated approach to preventing and reducing (ex-)partner violence.
To improve victim support, police services should focus on enhancing the quality of information provided, eliminating barriers to reporting PPO violations, and increasing access to police support after issuance. Community officers, who serve as consistent points of contact, along with social workers, can play a pivotal role in this process.
Since empowerment is considered a crucial mechanism for achieving these outcomes, this study approaches the issue from an empowerment perspective. The research incorporates a scoping review, a victim survey, and interviews with 20 victims protected by PPOs and 23 social workers who assist them.
The findings suggest that empowerment encompasses not only an increased ability to resist unwanted demands from an ex-partner and a greater sense of freedom to act but also an enhanced sense of connectedness with others. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of fostering survivors' sense of self-efficacy, improving their expectations of support regarding PPO monitoring and enforcement, and ensuring they receive adequate assistance from the police. Importantly, PPOs should be regarded as part of an integrated approach to preventing and reducing (ex-)partner violence.
To improve victim support, police services should focus on enhancing the quality of information provided, eliminating barriers to reporting PPO violations, and increasing access to police support after issuance. Community officers, who serve as consistent points of contact, along with social workers, can play a pivotal role in this process.
Original language | English |
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Award date | 24 Jan 2025 |
Place of Publication | Rotterdam |
Print ISBNs | 978-94-6506-679-0 |
Publication status | Published - 24 Jan 2025 |