Stronger together? A semi-parametric approach to evaluate the productivity of higher education and cultural vibrancy in Italy

Higher education (HE) and cultural vibrancy (CV) play crucial roles in the development and growth of cities, yet they are often analyzed separately. This study investigates the reciprocal influences of HE and CV on productivity, employs a semiparametric method based on order-m conditional frontiers, the data generation process and correlation, and derives a robust and nonendogenous productivity measure. This analysis focuses on Italian cities hosting public universities, encompassing diverse geographical and economic contexts as of 2019. The findings reveal a symbiotic relationship between HE and CV, indicating that HE and CV are stronger together at the margins. The efficiency levels of HE and CV interact in shaping productivity dynamics: when one sector outperforms the other, a collaborative alliance emerges, enhancing overall efficiency. Conversely, in contexts where both HE and CV operate efficiently, competitive dynamics are at play. This research contributes to understanding the interplay between HE, CV, and their productivity, shedding light on potential strategies for fostering collaboration and enhancing the vitality of cities.