Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) is associated with lower IQ and academic achievement; however, it remains unclear whether it additionally explains their discrepancy. In 2,401 children (54% girls, 30.2% migration background) from the population-based study Generation R Study, latent factors of prenatal and postnatal (age 0–10) ELS were estimated, and IQ-achievement discrepancy (age 12) was quantified as variance in academic achievement not explained by IQ. ELS was prospectively associated with larger IQ-achievement discrepancy (βprenatal = −0.24; βpostnatal = −0.28), lower IQ (βprenatal = −0.20; βpostnatal = −0.22), and lower academic achievement (βprenatal = −0.31; βpostnatal = −0.36). Associations were stronger for latent ELS than for specific ELS domains. Results point to ELS as a potential prevention target to improve academic potential.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 1837-1847 |
| Number of pages | 11 |
| Journal | Child Development |
| Volume | 93 |
| Issue number | 6 |
| Early online date | 13 Jul 2022 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 1 Nov 2022 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:We thank children and parents, general practitioners, hospitals, midwives, and pharmacies in Rotterdam, who have taken part in The Generation R Study. The general design of The Generation R Study is funded by the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZonMw, the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), and the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, and is conducted by the Erasmus Medical Center in close collaboration with the Faculty of Social Sciences of the Erasmus University Rotterdam, and the Stichting Trombosedienst & Artsenlaboratorium Rijnmond (STAR-MDC), Rotterdam. This project received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (project: ORACLE, grant agreement No: 678543). The work of CC has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions grant agreement No 707404 and grant agreement No 848158 (EarlyCause Project). The financial supporters did not influence the results of this article. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation of the data, or writing of the report. Finally, the authors have declared that they have no competing or potential conflicts of interest.
Funding Information:
We thank children and parents, general practitioners, hospitals, midwives, and pharmacies in Rotterdam, who have taken part in The Generation R Study. The general design of The Generation R Study is funded by the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZonMw, the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), and the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, and is conducted by the Erasmus Medical Center in close collaboration with the Faculty of Social Sciences of the Erasmus University Rotterdam, and the Stichting Trombosedienst & Artsenlaboratorium Rijnmond (STAR‐MDC), Rotterdam. This project received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (project: ORACLE, grant agreement No: 678543). The work of CC has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the H2020 Marie Skłodowska‐Curie Actions grant agreement No 707404 and grant agreement No 848158 (EarlyCause Project). The financial supporters did not influence the results of this article. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation of the data, or writing of the report. Finally, the authors have declared that they have no competing or potential conflicts of interest.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors. Child Development published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Research in Child Development.