The divergent effects of tumour necrosis factor-alpha on skeletal muscle: Implications in wasting

Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that can have effects on many cell types, including skeletal muscle, the most abundant tissue (representing almost 45% of body weight), where many effects of this cytokine have been described. Thus, TNF receptors have been described in muscle tissue, and different investigations have revealed effects of the cytokine on membrane potential, glucose uptake and metabolism, amino acid transport and protein turnover. However, the results found are relatively divergent, therefore the main aim of the present review has been to clarify and reconcile some of the most contradictory studies concerning the effects of TNF on metabolism in skeletal muscle.