The etiology of primary cam and pincer morphology in the general adolescent population

The aims of this thesis are to:
1. Determine the overall and sex-specific prevalence of PCM and pincer morphology in
early adolescents from the general population
2. Investigate the factors associated with PCM and pincer morphology in early adolescents
from the general population
3. Evaluate factors associated with the development of PCM in the general population
This thesis consists of three parts. Part I consists of Chapters 2 and 3, which estimated
the overall and sex-specific prevalence of PCM and pincer morphology in early
adolescents from the general population. Although the prevalence has been reported in
adults, the prevalence of PCM and pincer morphology in early adolescence, when these
morphologies may first develop, is poorly understood. Part II focuses on associated
factors of PCM and pincer morphology in early adolescents from the general population.
The current research on this topic of PCM predominantly focuses on male athletes.
Chapter 4 investigated demographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle factors associated
with PCM and higher alpha angles in early adolescents from the general population. The
etiology of pincer morphology remains largely unexplored, and it is unknown whether associated factors of PCM hold for pincer morphology as well. Chapter 5 identified associated
factors of pincer morphology and higher LCEA in early adolescents from the
general population. Part III consists of Chapter 6, which investigated demographic, anthropometric,
lifestyle, and radiographic factors at age 13 that are associated with the
development of PCM within 5 years in the general population. In a subset of participants
with DXA imaging at ages 9, 13, and 18, Chapter 6 additionally investigated associated
factors of PCM development within 8 years.