TY - JOUR
T1 - The Intersection of Sex, Marital Status, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Shaping Stroke Incidence: Results from the Health and Retirement Study
AU - Maselko, J
AU - Bates, LM
AU - Avendano Pabon, Mauricio
AU - Glymour, MM
PY - 2009
Y1 - 2009
N2 - OBJECTIVES: To examine the role of sex and marital status in the distribution and consequences of cardiovascular risk factors for stroke. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort. SETTING: U.S. national sample, community based. PARTICIPANTS: U.S. adults aged 50 and older and their spouses. MEASUREMENTS: Health and Retirement Study (HRS) participants born between 1900 and 1947 (N = 22,818), aged 50 and older, and stroke-free at baseline were followed an average of 9.4 years for self- or proxy-reported stroke (2,372 events). Financial resources, behavioral risk factors, and cardiovascular conditions were used to predict incident stroke in Cox proportional hazard models stratified according to sex and marital status (married, widowed, divorced or separated, or never married). RESULTS: Women were less likely to be married than men. The distribution of risk factors differed according to sex and marital status. Men had higher incident stroke rates than women, even after full risk factor adjustment (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.11-1.34). For both sexes, being never married or widowed predicted greater risk, associations that were attenuated after adjustment for financial resources. Widowed men had the highest risk (HR = 1.40, 95 % CI = 1.1.2-1.74 vs married women). Lower income and wealth were associated with similarly high risk across subgroups, although this risk factor especially affected unmarried women, with this group reporting the lowest income and wealth levels. Most other risk factors had similar HRs across subgroups, although moderate alcohol use did not predict lower stroke risk in unmarried women. CONCLUSION: Stroke incidence and risk factors vary substantially according to sex and marital status. It is likely that gendered social experiences, such as marriage and socioeconomic disadvantage, mediate pathways linking sex and stroke. J Am Geriatr Soc 57:2293-2299, 2009.
AB - OBJECTIVES: To examine the role of sex and marital status in the distribution and consequences of cardiovascular risk factors for stroke. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort. SETTING: U.S. national sample, community based. PARTICIPANTS: U.S. adults aged 50 and older and their spouses. MEASUREMENTS: Health and Retirement Study (HRS) participants born between 1900 and 1947 (N = 22,818), aged 50 and older, and stroke-free at baseline were followed an average of 9.4 years for self- or proxy-reported stroke (2,372 events). Financial resources, behavioral risk factors, and cardiovascular conditions were used to predict incident stroke in Cox proportional hazard models stratified according to sex and marital status (married, widowed, divorced or separated, or never married). RESULTS: Women were less likely to be married than men. The distribution of risk factors differed according to sex and marital status. Men had higher incident stroke rates than women, even after full risk factor adjustment (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.11-1.34). For both sexes, being never married or widowed predicted greater risk, associations that were attenuated after adjustment for financial resources. Widowed men had the highest risk (HR = 1.40, 95 % CI = 1.1.2-1.74 vs married women). Lower income and wealth were associated with similarly high risk across subgroups, although this risk factor especially affected unmarried women, with this group reporting the lowest income and wealth levels. Most other risk factors had similar HRs across subgroups, although moderate alcohol use did not predict lower stroke risk in unmarried women. CONCLUSION: Stroke incidence and risk factors vary substantially according to sex and marital status. It is likely that gendered social experiences, such as marriage and socioeconomic disadvantage, mediate pathways linking sex and stroke. J Am Geriatr Soc 57:2293-2299, 2009.
U2 - 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02555.x
DO - 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02555.x
M3 - Article
C2 - 19874408
SN - 0002-8614
VL - 57
SP - 2293
EP - 2299
JO - Journal of American Geriatrics Society
JF - Journal of American Geriatrics Society
IS - 12
ER -