Understanding and managing agitation in neurocognitive disorders: Recent insights and global perspectives

Objectives: Agitation is a common and distressing phenomenon across neurocognitive disorders (NCD). It is linked to decreased quality of life of the person with NCD, cognitive and functional decline, increased health-care utilization and institutionalization rates, and substantial burden for family carers and care professionals. Its management is particularly challenging. The objective of this International Psychogeriatric Association’s (IPA) task force was to synthesize recent advances in nomenclature and assessment, epidemiology, progression, etiology, detection, impact, approaches to managing agitation; and to make recommendations to guide IPA’s next 10-year strategy. Methods: A multidisciplinary expert workgroup met multiple times virtually and during the 2024 IPA Congress in person to discuss the current scientific and clinical practice landscape for agitation in NCD. The group integrated evidence about validated behavioral measures, biomarkers, digital monitoring, psychosocial and environmental interventions, and pharmacological options. Results: Agitation is attributed to disruptions in fronto-limbic circuitry with contributions from neuroimmune dysregulation, neurotransmitter alterations, and mitochondrial dysfunction, and various psychosocial and environmental factors. Psychosocial and environmental strategies can reduce agitation, though magnitude and durability of responses vary. Pharmacological options can have short-term benefits but carry risks that require strict patient selection, counseling, monitoring and medication stewardship. Approved medications based on controlled clinical trials remain limited. Conclusion: Care and support in agitation in NCD should involve the implementation of person-centered, rights-based psychosocial and environmental approaches, with time-limited pharmacological adjuncts as second-line. Key evidence gaps include head-to-head and longer-term trials, active safety surveillance, validated agitation measures, and equity-focused implementation across settings and cultures.