TY - JOUR
T1 - Understanding the clinical and molecular basis of thyroid orbitopathy
T2 - a review of recent evidence
AU - Nivean, Pratheeba Devi
AU - Madhivanan, Nivean
AU - Kumaramanikavel, Govindasamy
AU - Berendschot, Tos T.J.M.
AU - Webers, Carroll A.B.
AU - Paridaens, Dion
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2023.
PY - 2024/3
Y1 - 2024/3
N2 - Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune orbital inflammatory disease which ranges from mild to severe. Tissue remodeling, fibrosis and fat proliferation cause changes in the orbital tissues which can affect esthetics and visual function. In its severe form, it is sight threatening, debilitating, and disfiguring and may lead to social stigma, the embarrassment about which has an impact on the quality of life of those affected and the family members. The pathogenesis of TED, which is influenced by genetic, immunological, and environmental factors, is complex and not fully elucidated. However, it remains unknown what factors determine the severity of the disease. Recent research has revealed a number of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of this disease. In this overview of TED, we focus on new insights and perspectives regarding biological agents that may provide a basis for new treatment modalities.
AB - Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune orbital inflammatory disease which ranges from mild to severe. Tissue remodeling, fibrosis and fat proliferation cause changes in the orbital tissues which can affect esthetics and visual function. In its severe form, it is sight threatening, debilitating, and disfiguring and may lead to social stigma, the embarrassment about which has an impact on the quality of life of those affected and the family members. The pathogenesis of TED, which is influenced by genetic, immunological, and environmental factors, is complex and not fully elucidated. However, it remains unknown what factors determine the severity of the disease. Recent research has revealed a number of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of this disease. In this overview of TED, we focus on new insights and perspectives regarding biological agents that may provide a basis for new treatment modalities.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85175375767&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s42000-023-00498-8
DO - 10.1007/s42000-023-00498-8
M3 - Review article
C2 - 37910311
AN - SCOPUS:85175375767
SN - 1109-3099
VL - 23
SP - 25
EP - 34
JO - Hormones
JF - Hormones
IS - 1
ER -
